•How do the beliefs we have affect our student population and schools?
•Do we need to address any issues of bias with our educators?
•How do misguided myths and assumptions shape our actions in our schools and impact on student success?
10 myths about
Immigration
A quarter of Hamilton's current residents are born outside the country and Statistics Canada anticipates that figure will jump 3 per cent by 2031.
But despite that large percentage, newcomers settling into their lives still encounter discrimination and social exclusion and don't always feel welcome. There are common beliefs and assumptions about newcomers that make their integration more difficult.
The Spectator asked local settlement workers, city staff and ethnic community leaders to highlight the top myths about immigrants they come across. We arrived at 10 common misconceptions and attitudes and looked to address them with recent research.
The City of Hamilton recognizes both the necessity of attracting immigrants and the challenges they face when they arrive here. The Hamilton Immigration Partnership Council (HIPC) was created in 2009 to “strengthen, broaden and enlarge” the presence of immigrants in the city. The process involves identifying and addressing problems that newcomers face as well as showcasing immigrants' contributions to the community.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada recently held a series of cross-country consultations with stakeholders and the public to determine appropriate immigration levels and a suitable mix of economic class, family class and protected persons.
Rather than being just a big-city phenomenon, more than a quarter of the Canadian population in total is expected to be foreign-born in 30 years. A federal government backgrounder says Canada needs to increase immigration to almost 4 per cent of our population from the current 0.8 per cent to support our “old-age dependency ratio.”
“There are lots of myths and misconceptions around immigrants and immigration,” HIPC program manager Tim Rees said, adding these perceptions exist because immigration changes “the nature of our community” and affects our personal identity.
“There's always a fear of the unknown,” he said.
Dr. Bruce Newbold, a professor of geography at McMaster University who has studied the subject of immigrants and homelessness, cites another reason.
“You hear the worst cases. They are the cases that get brought to our attention. But you never hear the good pieces associated with (immigrants). The arguments that run counter to those myths — we hear those less.”
Success stories are important for demonstrating that newcomers are valuable to the city, Rees said. “They contribute to the economy and they contribute in all sorts of other ways as well — to the social and cultural lives and vibrancy of the city.”
Here are 10 typical assumptions about newcomers and stories of immigrants who have defied them.
Myths
1. Immigrants steal jobs from residents born in Canada
The disavowal of foreign credentials or work experience often makes it difficult for newcomers to compete with others who have lived in the area longer.
The unemployment rate among recent immigrants in Hamilton in 2006 was 11.5 per cent. That’s twice as high as the rate for nonimmigrants. The gap in employment becomes smaller the longer the newcomer lives in Canada.
Almost half of recent immigrant families to Hamilton have an income below $40,000 and have a child poverty rate of more than 50 per cent, the highest of any subpopulation in the city.
Immigrant women, in particular, have a difficult experience finding work, as the unemployment rates for women in this group between ages 15 and 24 was about 19.9 per cent in 2006. This figure was twice the rate for women in this age range born in Canada.
Christine Wong, a settlement support worker with the St. Joseph’s Immigrant Women’s Centre, knows many immigrants who have lowered their standards when it comes to finding jobs and have taken positions that pay about 30 per cent less than the mainstream wages.
“We are at a disadvantage when we compete for jobs with the locals … We don’t have the local experience,” she said, adding many workplaces do not recognize foreign credentials. In fact, more than half of newcomers to Hamilton end up working entry-level jobs such as food-counter attendants, truck drivers and cashiers.
2. Newcomers are a drain on society, are lazy and tend to live off social assistance
Recent immigrants living in poverty depend less on social assistance and more on family support than other impoverished Canadians.
Only 16 per cent of immigrant families living in poverty were receiving social assistance benefits in 2004, compared to 33 per cent of Canadian-born low-income families who received benefits from social assistance programs.
That year, a third of low-income working-age recent immigrants were considered working poor, just a bit higher than the 27 per cent of other low-income persons who reported enough hours to be considered part of the working poor group.
Statistics suggest that immigrants bring skills and education and want to use them as quickly and “effectively” as they can, said Tim Rees, the city’s program manager of immigration. “And it’s difficult. There are barriers,” he said. “They want to work. They want to feel part of our community.”
A report released in 2007 revealed that the percentage of low-income, recent immigrant adults who had work-limiting disabilities was 11 per cent, significantly lower than the 26 per cent of other low-income Canadians who could not work because of their disabilities.
The definition of “immigrant” comes into play again in this discussion, Wong said.
Refugee claimants tend to rely on social assistance more because of the language and education barriers to finding employment, but many people do not differentiate between them and other categories of newcomers, she said.
But 60 per cent of newcomers recruited by Citizenship and Immigration Canada fall within economic class, while 26 per cent are family class and 14 per cent are refugees.
3. Newcomers to Canada are unskilled or uneducated
Actually, immigrants tend to come into the country with more education than their Canadian-born counterparts.
In 2006, more than half of the recent immigrants reported having university degrees, while only 19 per cent of the Canadian population had obtained one. Fewer immigrants were also without a high school diploma (9 per cent) compared to the Canadian average of 23 per cent.
In Hamilton, almost 40 per cent of working-age newcomers arriving in the city from 2003 to 2008 had a university degree or higher. More than 10 per cent had a master’s degree and 2.5 per cent had a doctorate.
This means that these recent immigrants were twice as likely to have a university degree, compared to other Hamiltonians ages 15 to 64.
Furthermore, reports show that low-income recent immigrants have usually completed higher levels of education compared to most other low-income adults.
In 2007, more than a third of immigrants considered to be in the low-income category had a university degree, while most other low-income adults had not graduated from high school and only 12 per cent had completed university.
Studies have shown that recent immigrants are also much more likely to be overqualified for their jobs and to stay overqualified in their employment positions for longer than Canadian-born residents.
A Statistics Canada report released in 2006 found more than 50 per cent of immigrants who had been in Canada 10 years or less with a university degree had worked in a job requiring only a high school education.
In comparison, 28 per cent of the Canadian-born population was found in the same situation.
However, an estimated 40 per cent of immigrants to Canada are working in the field for which they received training. For example, in 2008, more than 21 per cent of all physicians practicing in Canada were trained outside of the country.
In 2007, more than 6,000 entrepreneurs and investors became permanent residents in the country.
4. There are too many
Canada’s population is expected to increase to 35 million by 2015, but this is actually a decrease in annual growth rate.
While the rate between 1996 and 2005 was 1.1 per cent, the figure for the span between 2006 and 2015 is expected to be 0.9 per cent. This is attributed to the decline in the natural increase in population, which is births minus deaths, caused by low fertility rates and the slower increase in life expectancy.
International migration made up two-thirds of the country’s population growth in 2006. And immigration is expected to contribute to the country’s population growth, accounting for about 67.5 per cent of the population increase by 2015, cumulatively.
As the population grows, so will the country’s labour force. By 2031, it is expected to grow to a number between 20.5 million and 22.5 million people, up from 18.5 million in 2010.
In that same time frame, about a third of the labour force is expected to be foreign-born. In Ontario, this figure is projected to be 41 per cent.
But if Canada closed its doors to immigrants over the next two decades, the labour force would be reduced to less than 18 million by 2031 and start shrinking in 2017.
Locally, Hamilton does not have enough locally-raised people to fill the 29,000 jobs expected to be created by economic expansion and 21,000 positions made available because of retirement between 2006 and 2016.
5. Immigrants do not know how to speak English or do not want to learn to speak it
Almost all recent newcomers to Hamilton have a knowledge of one of Canada’s two official languages. About 92 per cent of immigrants arriving between 2001 and 2006 knew English or French.
About 30 per cent of immigrants say they speak English or French at home, while 62 per cent speak another language. The remaining newcomers speak a combination of official and other languages in their homes.
A Statistics Canada study released in 2005 found 58 per cent of recent immigrants surveyed said they were able to speak English well or very well after being in the country for six months. After four years, 69 per cent reported this level of English proficiency.
The more proficient an immigrant’s English is, the better the chances are of being employed. Those who reported speaking English well or very well were more likely to be hired in an “appropriate” job than those who indicated speaking the language at a lower level.
Italian is the most-spoken unofficial language in Hamilton.
Eighty per cent of the over a million newcomers to arrive between 2001 and 2006 spoke something other than English or French as their first language. The largest linguistic increases were the Chinese dialects — which were Canada’s third-most common mother tongue group — Punjabi, Arabic, Urdu, Tagalog and Tamil.
However, many times the myth that immigrants cannot speak English is based on an assumption about the newcomer’s accent, says Arsim Aliu, the YMCA’s immigrant settlement services program manager. “In fact, that person speaks very well in English, (but) you create that perception based on that person’s look or where they come from.”
Proficiency in one of the two languages is one of the six selection factors for skilled workers, who are assessed on their ability to listen, speak, read and write in English or French.
Skilled workers and professionals have to do an approved language test.
6. Immigrants increase the crime rates in the neighbourhoods in which they live
Research indicates that immigrants to Canada have lower overall crime rates than those who are non-immigrants.
Furthermore, as the number of newcomers to Canada surges, overall crime in the country has continued to drop.
A study in the 1990s by the Correctional Service of Canada found that immigrants in all regions and age groups were under-represented among those serving two or more years in federal penitentiaries.
Stereotypes linking ethnic minorities and crime are formed because the issue of racial visibility, Wong said. “Because immigrants are visible — by their names, their look or their skin colour, people just jump to conclusions: ‘Oh, they are immigrants. They are criminals.’”
In fact, the immigrant is often used as the scapegoat for dominant society’s anxieties over identity, Rees said. “We don’t have the comfort level, the confidence necessarily, to live in a diverse and multicultural, multireligious community,” he said.
“And, partly, it’s our own insecurities and so the immigrant is an easy target.”
7. Immigrants do not want to integrate into “Canadian society”
Immigrants are more likely to become Canadian citizens than eligible newcomers in other similar countries.
A study published in 2005 found that 84 per cent of immigrants who had lived in Canada for at least three years were Canadian citizens in 2001. Meanwhile, in the U.K., only half of the immigrants who had lived in the country for five years were British citizens, and only 40 per cent of foreign-born residents had become citizens in the States.
Eligible African and Asian immigrants in Canada are more likely to obtain citizenship than those coming from the U.S. or Europe.
According to the 2006 census, 73 per cent of people born in another country have become Canadian citizens. In Hamilton, 80 per cent of immigrants have obtained citizenship.
“Compared to other countries, immigrants become Canadian citizens at a much higher rate than other places and as soon as they possibly can, as soon as they’re eligible,” Rees said.
“In terms of level of enthusiasm and level of commitment on the part of newcomers, they absolutely want to be part of Canadian society and identify strongly with Canadian society. And the symbolic importance of becoming a Canadian citizen is a good measure of that commitment.”
Rees also pointed to the increasing trend of mixed marriages in the country as an interesting phenomenon.
According to Statistics Canada, the number of mixed-race married and common-law couples had increased by a third in 2006 compared to 2001. The large majority of these couples were of a white person and a visible minority. Japanese people were the most likely to be part of a mixed union.
8. Newcomers are all the same; they all come with similar experiences
There are various definitions of immigrants and refugees.
An economic immigrant is selected based on his or her skills and ability to contribute to the country’s economy. This category includes skilled workers, business people and provincial nominees. About 41 per cent of the immigrants who came to Hamilton from 2003 to 2008 were in the economic class.
Family class immigrants consist of close relatives of a sponsor in Canada, including spouses, common-law partners or conjugal partners, dependent children, parents and grandparents. About 27 per cent of the immigrants to Hamilton from 2003 to 2008 were in this class.
Business immigrants include there groups: entrepreneurs, self-employed people and investors. Business immigrants’ permanent residency status is assessed on their ability to establish themselves economically in Canada.
A convention refugee is a person who is outside of the country they originally lived in because they are unable or, by reason of fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a social group of political opinion, unwilling to return.
Government-assisted refugees are selected for resettlement in the country as members of the Humanitarian-protected Persons Abroad classes and receive assistance from Ottawa.
A refugee protection claimant is someone seeking the protection of Canada upon arrival. He or she can apply for permanent residence when a final ruling is made that he or she is a “protected person.”
Privately-sponsored refugees are not sponsored by the government but are selected from abroad and receive resettlement assistance from other sources.
Foreign workers are in the country on a temporary basis and must have employment authorization.
9. Newcomers seclude themselves in geographical clusters or ghettos in cities
A 2004 Statistics Canada study that examined the three largest metropolitan areas in the country noted a large increase in the tendency of visible minorities to live in the same neighbourhood. But this trend is not about a desire to be separated from mainstream society.
Within these cities, minority neighbourhoods — which are areas in which a single visible minority group makes up more than 30 per cent of the population — exploded in a decade, rising to 254 in 2001, up from the six that existed in 1981.
The report found that the development of these neighbourhoods was largely due to the population growth through immigration over the past 20 years. The residential concentration of South Asians in Montreal and Vancouver and Chinese people in Toronto made up more than 40 per cent of the increased tendency to live within “own group” neighbourhoods.
But research shows the expansion of ethnic neighbourhoods is more a product of the increasing percentage of the group’s share in the city’s population than a rise in its overall residential concentration. Co-residence of members from different groups is a common feature in these neighbourhoods.
The concentration of newcomers in a particular geographical area does not mean they do not want to be included in mainstream society, Rees said.
“Partly it’s the housing market,” he said. “Newcomers (are) struggling with finding jobs and don’t have much money so they’re looking for the cheapest places to live. So there’s a tendency to congregate as a consequence of the housing market rather than an inclination to want to live within their own community.”
In Hamilton, there are various districts in which immigrants have established communities and ethnic-based businesses over the years. For example, one out of five people in Stoney Creek have an Italian background. In the section bordered by Green Road, Barton Street, Millen Road and Highway 8, 38 per cent of the population is of Italian descent.
In city’s North End, the neighbourhood bounded by Cannon Street and York Boulevard to the water from and from Wentworth Street to the high-level bridge, is 19 per cent Portuguese heritage.
Immigrants also live together because it provides them with more support from others who speak their language, Wong said. “For other lookers … they might assume they like to live together (because) they are not sociable with Canadian society. But it’s not true. It’s because of the social supports they get from their own community, mainly that’s the reason,” she said.
10. Newcomers receive special treatment (i.e. the social assistance they receive is higher than some Canadians’ wages, they don’t have to pay taxes)
“It’s very easy to use newcomers and immigrants as an easy population to blame, to ignore, to dismiss, to think that they’re getting unfair advantage over the rest of us. And they don’t,” Rees said.
Immigrants are required to pay the same taxes as all Canadian citizens and must also declare their income from all sources both from within the country and outside. They are also entitled to the same tax credits as other Canadians, including the Child Tax Benefit and the HST credit. They do not receive additional tax credits.
While low-income recent immigrants in 2004 seemed to be better off than other Canadians in terms of their income situation — they would have needed 32.5 per cent more family income to escape poverty while other low-income Canadians would have needed a 36.7 per cent raise — immigrant families were less reliant on social assistance than others in the category.
The federal government provides several programs to help refugees settle into their new country. The assistance available is often not long-term and not given to those who can sustain themselves or their families.
The resettlement assistance program, for example, helps refugees pay for temporary accommodation, basic household items and general orientation for up to one year or until they become self-sufficient.
The immigration loans program lends out funds to refugees for travel documents, transportation to Canada and costs of medical examinations abroad. Loans are awarded based on the applicants’ situation and their ability to pay it back with interest.
In addition, the interim federal health program is for refugee claimants, resettled refugees and victims of human trafficking who are unable to pay for health care. Parties receive benefits under this program until they are eligible for provincial coverage or a private health plan.
Sources: Statistics Canada, Hamilton Immigration Partnership Council, Human Resources and Skills Development Canada, Hamilton’s Vital Signs
Josephine Eric - Cathie Coward
Josephine Eric
Josephine Eric is the oldest of nine children born and raised in the Philippines. As is the case for many first-borns in her homeland, the financial responsibility of providing for her siblings was thrust upon her. When her parents faced the danger of losing their home, an employment opportunity as a nanny in Belgium opened up through her uncle, a diplomat.
At the time, Eric was 18. She gave up her university scholarship in the Philippines to babysit in Europe while taking French courses. After two years, she came to Hamilton under the live-in caregiver program. She fell in love with the many beautiful trails, the diversity of people and food, and peaches and maple syrup, but had a tumultuous time with her employer who forced her to work 14-hour days without overtime pay. When Eric asked for the money she was owed, they threatened to deport her.
It was a frightening time for Eric, who was using almost all the money she earned to help her parents make payments on their home and put her siblings through school, but neighbours and friends rallied around her, providing emotional support and helping her find a new employer.
Two years later, Eric attained landed immigrant status and worked three minimum wage jobs to support her family in the Philippines. At some point, she saw the futility of her efforts and decided to finally pursue the education she had always dreamt of and had to give up.
She studied Anthropology and Political Science at the University of Calgary. She got a Master’s degree in Labour Studies from McMaster University and another in
Anthropology from the University of Toronto. She continued working three jobs while going to school full-time to support her family — at a restaurant in the evenings, at a day care in the mornings, and a convenience store on the weekends. This superwoman also found the time to get married and raise five children of her own. Now 40, she has just wrapped up her thesis at the University of Toronto and works full-time at the Good Shepherd Centre.
“I guess I am kind of overdoing it now because I am still in school and compensating for my desire that never happened right away,” she said with a laugh.
Eric’s thesis projects on Philippine women in Canada and the religious experiences of Filipinos in Canada led to the creation of the Migrant Workers’ Family Resource Centre. The volunteer-run centre provides support to immigrants, especially caregivers, in difficult and abusive circumstances similar to Eric’s own situation when she first came to Canada.
Also, by being involved in a York University project to study why success rates of second generation Filipinos is lower compared to people of other ethnic backgrounds, Eric hopes to help later generations of immigrants make their own contributions to their new country. She very much wants to lend support to new immigrants the same way an entire community in Hamilton helped her when she needed it the most.
“I have good friends in Canada. I don’t think I could have ever made it this far if I didn’t have friends, from church and also outside.”
Yar Taraky – Kaz Novak
Yar Taraky
After 13 years in Canada, Yar Taraky is becoming somewhat of an icon in Hamilton. Originally from Afghanistan, he has appeared as an expert guest speaker on South Asian politics on TVO's The Agenda with Steve Paikin. He has contributed to Hamilton's art community through the Immigrant
Culture and Art Association by being a mentor to other artists and by teaching art to youth. He says that he and his family — a wife and three grown kids — are all infected with a “spirit” to do as much as they can for their community. They have served on numerous advisory committees and volunteered with many local groups.
“We all left (Afghanistan) with that spirit and we are giving back what we received from the city and from the community. Everybody in the family has that spirit and we really thrive from that that we have to contribute to the community,” said Taraky.
When Taraky, 47, came to Hamilton in 1998 to escape the civil war ravaging his homeland, he had an infection in his foot that might have required amputation. He said Canada's health care system saved his foot, and that it was the first time he received something without having to give first.
As a newcomer, he also received help from settlement agencies and other organizations
He went to college for CAD courses.
He also took law and management courses at the University of Toronto. He obtained his Canadian licence as an architect (he got his original training in Russia) and began designing health care facilities such as dialysis and emergency centres.
In 2009 he became a director in an agency that promotes private sector development and reforms in Afghanistan. His urban development project involves the creation of a new city — Kabul New City — for 1.5 million people on the outskirts of Afghanistan's capital.
The project is supported by the Asian Development Bank and other international organizations.
Taraky said that he is using all the skills and knowledge he obtained in Hamilton to build a city just as livable in Afghanistan.
“Keep in mind that Afghani cities don't have any bylaws, they don't have any regulations, so you have to create something from scratch. So, it requires lots of ground work,” he said.
Hamilton, and Canada in general, have clearly made a strong impression on Taraky. He said that although many Canadians take it for granted, it is unusual to have a place where people are well-educated about their rights and responsibilities. He says Hamilton's “inclusivity is very attractive,” and remains steadfast in his belief that immigrants create jobs — he himself has hired many people — and are the “backbone of growth in Canada,” especially through the “chain of providing good will.”
“You will never lose by providing proper services to immigrants, particularly in Hamilton which is a very diverse community.”
Virbala Kumar – Kaz Novak
Virbala Kumar
Virbala Kumar was born and raised in Kenya, the child of Indian parents who had emigrated there. Adverse political conditions in the early 1960s forced her parents and siblings to resettle. Kumar trained as a nurse in England and came to Toronto in 1969 at 27.
“I was very lucky because nurses were very much in demand. I walked into Ontario House in London, applied, they had a job for me and even held the job for me for six months.” When she arrived, she began working at the Toronto East General Hospital while completing exams to meet Ontario’s nursing standards. Her marriage to a Hamiltonian four years later brought her here.
Now 68 and retired, Kumar is as busy, perhaps even more so, as while she was working, taking courses to upgrade her skills and raising two sons. She leads recycling efforts at the Hindu Samaj temple and educates new immigrants who are not used to recycling. She helps organize walks for cancer and blood donations. Her deep opposition to “abuse of any sort” led her to join the board of Interval House, participate in the city’s Seniors’ Advisory Committee, and act in a play to raise awareness about seniors’ abuse.
One of her most important contributions to Hamilton is her joint role in the Seniors Seva Mandal. Seva means “service” and mandal means “group.” The mandal, funded by the Local Health Integration Network, organizes gatherings for seniors who may otherwise face isolation as they age.
Affected by the loneliness her own parents struggled with in Canada before they passed away, Kumar was determined not to allow cultural and language barriers prevent other seniors from enjoying their golden years.
The mandal organizes gatherings and catered lunches three times a week at three different locations — Hindu Samaj temple on Twenty Road, Chedoke Twin Pad Arena and Stoney Creek United Church. People do yoga, exercise, listen to Indian music, dance and play cards and other games.
“It’s a very energetic group of seniors. They love it,” said Kumar.
She adds that newcomers to the gatherings are often “quiet and meek.” After a while, “suddenly, they are volunteering for singing and in the gharba dancing ... That transformation is very endearing. I get goosebumps and I just want to run and hug them.”
The gatherings have proved to be very popular among Hamilton seniors from many different cultural backgrounds with anywhere from 35 to 50 people attending each day. By providing them with an avenue to have an active and enriching social life, Kumar has effectively destroyed the myth that immigrants only interact within their own communities.
